:::

Influenza seasonal - 112年度預防流感好方法接種公費流感疫苗健康+1 不NG ；

發布單位：橫山鄉衛生所

預防流感好方法接種公費流感疫苗健康+1 不NG

流行性感冒（流感）是由流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道感染。流感在世界各地都很常見，大多數人不治而愈。

當民眾咳嗽或打喷嚏時，流感很容易在人與人之間傳播。

接種流感疫苗是預防这種疾病的最佳方法。

流感的症狀包括急性發燒、咳嗽、喉嚨痛、全身痠痛和無力。

醫護治療大多以緩解症狀為目標。流感患者需多休息多喝水。大多數人會在一周内自行康復。

流感重症者可導致重症或死亡，尤其是在高危人群中。

流感会加重其他慢性疾病的症状，而流感重症者可導致肺炎和敗血症，嚴重者可致死亡。

流感重症住院和死亡主要發生在高危險族群中。

接種流感疫苗則是預防流感重症的最好方法。

由於流感病毒極易產生變異，幾乎每年流行的病毒株都會稍有不同，原施打疫苗對不同抗原型之病毒保護效果減低，即使病毒未發生變異，疫苗成分相同，接種4-6個月後保護效果即可能下降，保護力一般不超過1年，因此建議每年均須接種1次，是全球一致性的作法。

校園集中接種，是由專業醫療團隊進駐校園為學生提供接種服務，不會再向家長收費，可降低家長時間與經濟之負擔；對於家長來說是省時省錢且免於奔波的便民措施；對於學校來說，集中接種帶來的高接種率，能減少學生因病缺勤或學校停課情形，更能保障學生的受教權以及校園的正常運作。

112年公費流感疫苗接種對象接種日期為111年10月2日開始接種分階段開打:

第階段於10月2日起開打，第階段自11月1日開始，至疫苗用罄止。

除50至64歲無高風險慢性病成人接種時間在第階段，其餘對象均於第1階段

橫山衛生所流感疫苗接種服務時間: 每週一到週五門診上午9點至11點

提醒鄉內民眾流感疫苗、新冠肺炎疫苗及肺炎鏈球菌苗，可以同時接種在身體不同部位或間隔任何時間接種，以加強自我保護，預防重症發生。

【為避免臨時減診造成不便，可來電詢問03-5932004】，接種時間直至疫苗用罄為止。

Influenza (Seasonal)

Key facts

There are around a billion cases of seasonal influenza annually, including 3–5 million cases of severe illness.
It causes 290 000 to 650 000 respiratory deaths annually.
Ninety-nine percent of deaths in children under 5 years of age with influenza-related lower respiratory tract infections are in developing countries.
Symptoms begin 1–4 days after infection and usually last around a week.

Overview

Seasonal influenza (the flu) is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. It is common in all parts of the world. Most people recover without treatment.

Influenza spreads easily between people when they cough or sneeze. Vaccination is the best way to prevent the disease.

Symptoms of influenza include acute onset of fever, cough, sore throat, body aches and fatigue.

Treatment should aim to relieve symptoms. People with the flu should rest and drink plenty of liquids. Most people will recover on their own within a week. Medical care may be needed in severe cases and for people with risk factors.

There are 4 types of influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease.

Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes according to the combinations of the proteins on the surface of the virus. Currently circulating in humans are subtype A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza viruses. The A(H1N1) is also written as A(H1N1)pdm09 as it caused the pandemic in 2009 and replaced the previous A(H1N1) virus which had circulated prior to 2009. Only influenza type A viruses are known to have caused pandemics.
Influenza B viruses are not classified into subtypes but can be broken down into lineages. Influenza type B viruses belong to either B/Yamagata or B/Victoria lineage.
Influenza C virus is detected less frequently and usually causes mild infections, thus does not present public health importance.
Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of influenza usually begin around 2 days after being infected by someone who has the virus.

Symptoms include:

sudden onset of fever
cough (usually dry)
headache
muscle and joint pain
severe malaise (feeling unwell)
sore throat
runny nose.

The cough can be severe and can last 2 weeks or more.

Most people recover from fever and other symptoms within a week without requiring medical attention. However, influenza can cause severe illness or death, especially in people at high risk.

Influenza can worsen symptoms of other chronic diseases. In severe cases influenza can lead to pneumonia and sepsis. People with other medical issues or who have severe symptoms should seek medical care.

Hospitalization and death due to influenza occur mainly among high-risk groups.

In industrialized countries most deaths associated with influenza occur among people aged 65 years or older (1).

The effects of seasonal influenza epidemics in developing countries are not fully known, but research estimates that 99% of deaths in children under 5 years of age with influenza related lower respiratory tract infections are in developing countries (2).

Epidemiology

All age groups can be affected but there are groups that are more at risk than others.

People at greater risk of severe disease or complications when infected are pregnant women, children under 5 years of age, older people, individuals with chronic medical conditions (such as chronic cardiac, pulmonary, renal, metabolic, neurodevelopmental, liver or hematologic diseases) and individuals with immunosuppressive conditions/treatments (such as HIV, receiving chemotherapy or steroids, or malignancy).
Health and care workers are at high risk of acquiring influenza virus infection due to increased exposure to the patients, and of further spreading particularly to vulnerable individuals. Vaccination can protect health workers and the people around them.

Epidemics can result in high levels of worker/school absenteeism and productivity losses. Clinics and hospitals can be overwhelmed during peak illness periods.

Transmission

Seasonal influenza spreads easily, with rapid transmission in crowded areas including schools and nursing homes. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, droplets containing viruses (infectious droplets) are dispersed into the air and can infect persons in close proximity. The virus can also be spread by hands contaminated with influenza viruses. To prevent transmission, people should cover their mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing and wash their hands regularly.

In temperate climates, seasonal epidemics occur mainly during winter, while in tropical regions, influenza may occur throughout the year, causing outbreaks more irregularly.

The time from infection to illness, known as the incubation period, is about 2 days, but ranges from 1–4 days.

Recommendations announced for influenza vaccine composition for the 2023-2024 northern hemisphere influenza season

The World Health Organization (WHO) today announced the recommendations for the viral composition of influenza vaccines for the 2023-2024 influenza season in the northern hemisphere.

WHO organizes these consultations with an advisory group of experts gathered from WHO Collaborating Centres and WHO Essential Regulatory Laboratories to analyse influenza virus surveillance data generated by the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System. The recommendations issued are used by the national vaccine regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical companies to develop, produce, and license influenza vaccines for the following influenza season.

The periodic update of viruses contained in influenza vaccines is necessary for the vaccines to be effective due to the constant evolving nature of influenza viruses, including those circulating and infecting humans.

The WHO recommends that quadrivalent vaccines for use in the 2023-2024 northern hemisphere influenza season contain the following:

Egg-based vaccines